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On October 29, 1998, South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), chaired by Nobel Peace Prize-winner Desmond Tutu, released its final report on apartheid-era crimes and atrocities. The commission was established in 1995 by President Nelson Mandela's government as a way for South Africa to come to terms with its brutal past without resorting to expensive and politically divisive trials. In exchange for full confessions of politically motivated crimes, the TRC promised amnesty for those who came forward. The TRC held more than two years of hearings, and hundreds of figures from both sides of the apartheid struggle came forward to shed light on the political violence and repression that dominated South African life for most of the 20th century. The final report was more than 3,500 pages long and implicated South Africa's former white minority government with the abduction, torture, and murder of political opponents in South Africa and beyond. However, it also took to task black groups like the Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party for its political crimes and condemned Mandela's African National Congress Party for its murder of suspected informers and killing of civilians during military operations.