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4. When the Apollo 11 astronauts made their historic landing on the moon in 1969, the trip provided scientists with abundant materials for study. Astronauts gathered two basic types of rocks from the surface of the moon: basalt and breccia. Basalt, which is a cooled and hardened volcanic lava, common to the earth, is formed under extremely high temperatures. The presence of this type of rock on the moon is an indication that ________________. Breccia is formed during the impact of falling objects on the surface of the moon. (a) there once existed some form of life on the moon (b) the moon and the earth might have been separated at some point (c) the temperature of the moon was once extremely high (d) human beings might be able to survive there 5. ________________ was responsible for the delay in the settlings of the vast farmlands in the central North America. In the early nineteenth century, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike of the United States Army was sent out to explore the center of the continent. When he wrote a report about his explorations, he mistakenly stated that the vast plains in the central North America were like deserts, comparable to the Sahara in Africa. However, these vast plains, in reality, were composed of some of the most fertile farmland in the world. This mistaken belief about the nature of those lands made the settlers avoid the central plains for a long time. (a) A discovery made by an unknown pioneer (b) A report condemned by the United States Army (c) An inaccurate concept followed by native Americans (d) A series of errors made by one man 6. Samuel Morse accomplished something that is very hard for one man to accomplish in one lifetime: he ________________. When he was young, he studied art at Yale University and moved to London, where his early artistic endeavors met with acclaim. In London, he was awarded the gold medal of the Adelphi Art Society for his clay figure of Hercules, and two of his paintings were selected for exhibit by the Royal Academy. In addition to these artistic accomplishments, Morse is also well known for developing the telegraph and Morse code. He hung a telegraph line from Washington D.C. to Baltimore and successfully transmitted a message in the dots and dashes of Morse code on May 24, 1844. (a) developed a keen interest in art, which led to a great success (b) majored in several different fields (c) achieved fame and success in two widely different areas (d) combined two different genres of art 7. Carbon dating can be very useful in estimating _______________; for example, it has been used successfully by many archeologists to determine the age of ancient artifacts and fossils. The principle behind the use of carbon dating is that all living things on the earth contain carbon. Due to carbon-14, a radioactive substance known to have a half-life of 5,570 years, we can date a certain object by identifying the amount of carbon-14 remaining in that object. (a) the origin of any artificial material (b) the nature of any inorganic material (c) the composition of any man-made material (d) the age of any organic natural material